Causes of Environmental Problems Essay Example

Reasons for Environmental Problems Paper The Earth is our home and where we live. However, these years, an ever increasing number of issues are coming to obliterate our mom land, for example, political variables, wars, and ecological issues. The natural issues, for example, overpopulation, utilization of non-renewable energy sources or atomic vitality and deforestation are getting increasingly inauspicious, and unsafe to the earth. The air contamination and water contamination has clearly gotten two of the most significant issues on the planet. Air contamination is the serious issue on the planet. In present day life, a retreat arrangement of vitality is expected to run the processing plants of modern countries. Cars, prepares, and planes, are methods of our day by day transportation that likewise utilizes vitality simultaneously they consume energizes, produce squanders, and some of which stay noticeable all around. Vehicles have made the air undesirable for individuals to inhale and harmful gas is emitted by plants and causes air contamination. I read a bit of news as of late. It said that in Japan, numerous specialists are offering outside air to clients, and now it is turning out to be increasingly mainstream. Why? Outside air is getting less and less in Japan and around the globe. We will compose a custom article test on Causes of Environmental Problems explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Causes of Environmental Problems explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Causes of Environmental Problems explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Much the same as the air, water is additionally a wellspring of life. Water contamination has likewise become a major issue on the planet. Individuals cannot live without water. A portion of our processing plants are contaminating the waters. Streams everywhere throughout the world are getting dirtied with trash and risky synthetic substances. Ships likewise add to the issue since they depend on waterways for discarding squanders. Oil and different synthetic concoctions can murder fish and make water hazardous for drinking. Many fish are passing on. An ever increasing number of sea-going life forms are vanishing from the world. Some contaminated waters are in any event, harming individuals. Additionally, trees on the slopes have been chopped down; so squander water is being emptied consistently into waterways. Taking everything into account, air contamination and water contamination are become major issues on the planet. We should discover an answer for these issues. I think the administrations of all nations should detail rules and guidelines to manage the contamination issues. The individuals ought to be increasingly mindful of the natural issues and be progressively principled about thinking about the earth. I trust the difficult will be comprehended sooner rather than later and our lives will turn out to be better and better.

Informative Essay Sample on Personality Based on Theories

Useful Essay Sample on Personality Based on Theories Character is a hard thing to comprehend and who will comprehend it will control the world. In this exploration I need to examine two speculations and show how they are near my own hypothesis of character. The main hypothesis depends on crafted by Karl Gustav Jung. Like Freud he dedicated himself to the investigation of dynamic undiscovered drawings on a human conduct and experience. However, his taking in was somewhat unique in relation to Freud’s. Jung told that that upkeep of oblivious there is not much, than low-vivacious sexual and forceful thought processes. As indicated by Jung’s hypothesis on character, as known as expository brain science, people are roused by some psychical powers and appearances, the beginning of which leaves profound into history development. This intrinsic oblivious contains some profound material which has profound roots, which discloses the trying to the innovative self-articulation and physical flawlessness of mankind. Additionally there is another wellspring of contrasts in the Jungs and Freuds hypotheses. The thing that matters is about sexuality as common power in the structure of character. Freud, predominantly, deciphered charisma like sexual vitality however Jung analyzed it as diffuse innovative life-breath, which you can perceive in different ways, as in religion or seeking to control. In Jungs musings moxie is gathered in various necessaries †natural or profound †as they emerge up. So Jung dismissed Freud’s explanation that cerebrum is a supplement to the sexual organs. Jung affirmed that character comprises of three diverse however intuitive structures: conscience, individual oblivious and aggregate oblivious. Personality is the focal of circle of awareness. It is part mind, which incorporates those thoughts, detects, flashbacks, and sentiments, because of which we feel our respectability, consistency and the sentiment of mankind. Inner self fills in as the primary of our cognizance and because of it we can see the consequences of the conventional cognizant action. The individual oblivious contains clashes and flashbacks which were once acknowledged yet now low-vivacious or overlooked. So it contains recognizable impressions, which dont have enough brilliance to be set apart in awareness. Lastly he disclosed to us the possibility of presence of more profound layer in structure of character, which he named aggregate oblivious. It is a safe of dormant tracks in memory of mankind and even our anthropomorphous predecessors. Thoughts and faculties, general for every human animal and resulting upon our normal passionate pas, are reflected in it. As Jung told: in aggregate oblivious there is all otherworldly inheritance of human development, recovering in the structure of mind in each person. The second hypothesis which likewise lays somewhere down in every one of us depends on crafted by B. F. Skinner (March 20, 1904 †August 18, 1990) who was an American clinician and creator. He led spearheading take a shot at test brain research and supported behaviorism, which tries to comprehend conduct as a component of natural accounts of encountering outcomes. Character †it is that experience which people bought in stream of life. It is the aggregated arrangement of the contemplated models of conduct. In contrast to Freud and numerous others researchers, the scholars of Behavioritical training bearing don't feel that it is important to take a shot at the psychical structures and procedures which is covered up in cerebrums. Inverse to this idea they look at outside environmental factors as a key factor of human conduct. Precisely encompass of the human, yet not the interior psychical marvels, structures it. Crafted by Skinner show us most demonstrate that impact of condition is controlled by our conduct. Dislike different analysts, Skinner stated that nearly the conduct is clarified of plausibility of fortification from the earth. As indicated by his supposition , to clarify the conduct ( and in such manner comprehend the character) , we need just to dissect useful relations between a noticeable activity and obvious results. Work of Skinner served like an establishment for science about conduct which has no analogs in history of brain research. Taking the assessment of others we can say that he is on of the high-regarded analysts within recent memory. The most significant that was in him is that he didnt advocate the utilization of discipline. His principle center was to target conduct and see that results convey reactions. His extraordinary model about the youngster who wouldn't go to class and he demonstrated that the emphasis ought to be on what is causing the childs refusal not really the refusal itself. His examines indicated that disciplines wasn’t the method of changing conduct clearly he needed to show that after discipline people don’t quit doing awful things they start to do in such manner so the discipline couldn’t get them. For instance if accept such thing as prison. At that point someone does wrongdoing and gets in prison after that this individual need quit doing violations it just will be attempting to stay away from discipline and become progressively refined at maintaining a strategic distance from the discipline. What's more, carrying my examination to the end I need to show how this hypotheses fits me and how a few pieces of them will consider point of view of my character. I can generally feel that I am inspired by some psychical powers, since I regularly can do thing about which I will figure how might I do it? This powers is shown in Jung’s works. Moxie isn't just a sexual power it can propel us for the solid initiative. This you can find in the entirety of your discourse with society †one of thought which showed Jung. About Skinners works I can just say that it that it is my basic life due to the hypothesis of discipline. Each time when I get my discipline I believe that this will be the last time when I do such a terrible thing yet when the discipline closes everything remains on its places and I can do such awful thing again however this time I will be increasingly cautious and possibly I would maintain a strategic distance from my next discipline. This keeping away from will show me how to live in future.

Hosting24 Review Pricing, Rating, Hosting Plans More!

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Microfinance Deathbed for Communism - 1146 Words

Microfinance, death bell for communism Microfinance is widely talked about throughout the world. Through the remote part of Bangladesh it kicked off its journey and gradually flew through the kingdom of light hovering clouds to spread its message. And the target group easily understood and promptly absorbed its mesmerising effect. This way credibility of the system was established within comparatively short span of time. In a World Bank estimate about 160 million from the developing countries at present take assistance through microfinance. However, credit goes to the Bengali economist Dr. Mohammed Yunus who invented in his factory the idea and threw it with a note that it would effectively absorb the shock of poverty and empower the†¦show more content†¦It may be granted to individuals or a group. But the amount involved in this connection is always meager. Why is the amount peanut? The reason may be that he (she) who never counts accumulated amount will be in trauma having loan of a big amount. What will he do with the amount? And if he is at all given the way out he will be in constant fear of losing it in transaction. Yet again, will he be able to provide necessary amount to open an account and who will assist him in transaction matter? On such background it is easy to conclude micro-credit service is not feasible for them. But who will deny they are already enjoining the service though in a different way. Since ages there remains a practice of private lending in the subcontinent. The lenders provided the poor the service with high interest without any collateral. Names of Muslim Pathans and Hindu Marwaris are referred to in this connection. Not only that the poor makes groups and collect amount from the members of the group/s for keeping it in safe hand though sometimes the safe-hand turns into rogue and leaves no stone unturned to pocket fraudulently their savings. The amount so collected is given to members turn by turn. Further they buy gold, jewelry, animals, buildings etc as investment. In case of need they can be turned into cash.

Economic, Social, Political And Environmental Influences...

Introduction In this paper, I will be looking at the economic, social, political and environmental influences that tourism business has on the economy of Australia. Subtopics include employment, imports and exports, and major tourist locations in Australia. This paper looks at historical impacts and how current events are affecting the business and tourism industries and what this means for the future of Australia. Economic To begin a discussion on the economic state of tourism businesses within Australia, an industry that has contributed 46.3 billion AUD or 2.8 percent to the country’s gross domestic product in 2015 with the forecast for 2016 to be 4.1 percent. Of this, 83.5 percent was leisure travel and 79 percent was domestic travel within the country. The percent of GDP from travel and tourism in 2005 was 3 percent and over the next 6 years travel and tourism continually contributed less to GDP while the dollar value remained relatively constant until 2014 when the dollar value and percent of contribution began to increase. The number of jobs created from travel and tourism since 2006 has increased steadily though the percent of whole economy employment has been decreasing, this would imply that the employment of all non-travel and tourism has been growing at a faster pace than that of travel and tourism (World Travel and Tourism Council, 2016). In 2015, Australia had the largest number of visitors from New Zealand, China and the United Kingdom (UK) while theShow MoreRelatedFactors Affecting Hotel Hotels : A Key Reason For Economic Growth Essay1501 Words   |  7 Pagesbase and hotels across Gold coast helps to develop partnership business to make profits. Loyalty programs are to be designed to reduce the power of buyers and increase the profit margin of Hotel Hilton. External factors: A PES (TE) model can be approached to determine the factors in external environment influencing Hotel industry in Gold Coastal Hotels which includes political, economic, social-cultural, technological and environmental factors. Hotel Hilton can better formulate a strategy which couldRead MoreInfluence of a Countrys Political Forces on Potential Investors: Sofitel Gold Coast Broadbeach Case Study1254 Words   |  5 PagesGold Coast Analysis The Political Force The stability of countries political situation can significantly influence investors that intend to do business in these countries. In the case of the political environment in Australia, investors that want to address the countrys accommodation sector must focus on the visa regime and carbon tax. Tourists that are not from New Zealand and want to visit Australia are required to have a visa. The visa must be obtained before arriving to the country. ThereRead MoreMacro environment Essays1250 Words   |  5 Pagesmarketing environment explains the influences of broader societal forces. These major external forces are not controllable, but being aware of the environmental factors and its changes will be of great advantage for growing the business (Angela, 2012). In the travel business, the operation does not depend only on the internal functioning but is also affected by external factors.  Wotif is also affected by these internal and external factors. Macro environmental analysis is needed for Wotif to achieveRead MoreThe Tourism Industry : An Source Of Revenue For Many Countries1226 Words   |  5 PagesThe tourism industry has become an increasingly important source of revenue for many countries. In the global environment concept, the tourism is the main communicator and promotor of the international trade. The expansion of the tourism creates many advantages and also cause some critical issues including social dislocations, Negative impacts on local culture and social structure, disruptive for the ecological and biological diversity. The minimising negative impact and managing the tourism industryRead MorePolitical Environment Of New Zealand Essay1544 Words   |  7 PagesPESTLE Analysis A PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technology, Legal, and Environmental) analysis explores the external factors which may influence any organization. Political When our company comes in declining stage at that time the political view affect a lot like, Political view has a huge control upon the regulation of businesses .It includes government regulations and legal issues under which businesses should operate. According to the findings, political environment of New Zealand isRead MoreAnalysis And Objectives Of Tourism Holdings Pty Ltd.1403 Words   |  6 PagesOBJECTIVES Tourism Holdings Pty Ltd Business Unit: Resonline GUY GRIGG (S3551270) CIO OF TOURISM HOLDINGS â€Æ' 2 Situation Analysis Tourism Holdings is an umbrella company which contains 3 main business Units. 1. Bookeasy – an online software solution for Visitor Centres in Australia and New Zealand. 2. Resonline – a channel management solution which connects accommodation operators to Online Travel Agent websites (Evans 2013). 3. Impartmedia – a website development company for Tourism operatorsRead MoreAssessing The Trend Of Domestic Tourism Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesASSESSING THE TREND OF DOMESTIC TOURISM IN MOLE NATIONAL PARK. INTRODUCTION The nature, value and extent of international and domestic tourism have changed significantly in recent years. Because of its propensity to generate substantial economic benefits such as employment, foreign exchange, income and tax revenues (Nowak et al., 2003), developed countries and developing countries in particular, have embarked upon tourism-related development policies (Heidarabadi, 2008). On the other hand, inRead MoreWhat Are The Two Forces Of Marketing Are A Essential Element For A Successful Business Essay1258 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironmental factors Answer 1 (a) The two forces of marketing are internal as well as external. Internal which include finance as well as human department as well as external factor are business competitors, suppliers, economic as well as political situation. The two types of marketing are macro as well as micro environment are beneficial to discover marketing more efficient. Let s find out more about several the vital aspects linked to marketing environment. INTERNAL FACTORS The components linkedRead MoreEssay about Restaurant Business Plan10168 Words   |  41 PagesThe Business Plan for Executive Summary Manly’s restaurant sector seems to lack a restaurant that will provide consumers with an authentic Brazilian dining experience. Currently, most restaurants in the area meet the expected industry standards but lacks in the supply of high quality food, beverage and service originated from South America. La Barata will target that gap and launch a Brazilian cultural experience in the Manly area specialising in dining, cooking classes and entertainmentRead MoreThe Development of the Travel and Tourism Industry and the Factors Affecting it Today2099 Words   |  9 PagesThe Development of the Travel and Tourism Industry and the Factors Affecting it Today Contents The development of the travel and tourism industry Page 3-4 Factors that have led to the growth in travel and tourism Page 4-6 Future developments in travel and tourism Page 6-7 Factors affecting the travel and tourism industry today Page 8-9 Bibliography Page 10 The Development of the Travel and Tourism Industry Throughout history, people have travelled

Clinical Assessment Of A Psychiatric Assessment - 1035 Words

1. Clinical Assessment=According to our book, the term Clinical assessment generally refers to applying assessment procedures to (a) diagnose a mental disorder, (b) develop a plan of intervention, (c)monitor progress in counseling, and (d) evaluate counseling outcome. (Drummond, 2010). Clinical assessment has been the method used when diagnosing and planning treatment for a patient. The first step is evaluating the individual in order to obtain information and figure out what is wrong. Counselors, conduct this assessment to develop and adhere a plan of intervention, monitor clients progress, and ensue all information are interpreted and understood. 2. DSM-IV-TR- is the official classification system of mental disorders used by counselors, psychologist, social workers, psychiatrists, and other mental health professionals in the United States. It is used across settings (inpatient, outpatient, partial hospital, private practice and primary care) and with community populations. (Drummond, 2010). The DSM-5 is a very complex assessment where counselors are required to have extensive preparation in the understanding of mental disorders, certain factors can take in place when administering this test and errors can be made such as misdiagnosing or over diagnosing if not properly administered. 3. Interviews in Clinical Assessment- According to our book, clinical interviews are the fundamental component. Like any assessment instrument or strategy, the interview has the definedShow MoreRelatedClinical Microsystem Assessment : Psychiatric Acute Care Essay808 Words   |  4 Pages Clinical Microsystem Assessment: Psychiatric Acute Care Unit Dimietris D. Thompson Sacred Heart University Clinical Microsystem Assessment: Psychiatric Acute Care Unit Clinical microsystems are â€Å"small functional front-line units such as a hospital unit, outpatient clinic or home health agency† (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2006, p. 6-7). Assessing clinical microsystems marks the beginning of the system’s improvement journey (European Medical Alliance, 2016).Read MorePsychiatric Clinical Nursing Assessment and Care Plan Essay2454 Words   |  10 PagesPsychiatric Clinical Nursing Assessment Jennifer Stokes Daytona State College Directions: Please assess your client and place an X in the appropriate box to represent level of severity of each symptom. Patient Initials | EM | Physician | Dr. Singh | Date | 08/07/2013 | | Not Present | Very Mild | Mild | Moderate | Moderately Severe | Severe | Extremely Severe | SOMATIC CONCERNS – preoccupation with physical health, fear of physical illness, hypochondriasis | ☠ | ☠ | ☒ | ☠ | ☠ | ☠ | ☠Read MoreSchizophreni A Psychological Disorder1028 Words   |  5 Pages Mohammed ALkhaibari Chestnut Hill College December 7, 2016 Assessment Research paper Schizophrenia is a psychological disorder which about one percent of the population (John et al., fid. 2001) Morbidity is caused by the negative and positive symptoms. Research has shown that disability and impairment is caused by cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. It is by a group of disorders which and it s largely unknown. It involvesRead MoreEssay On Mental Health Treatment Program1560 Words   |  7 Pagescontinuous basis. These stakeholders are a part of the Florida Council for community Mental Health, NAMI (National Alliance on Mental Illness), the Department of Children and Families, MHA (Mental Health Association) of South East Florida, PRA (Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association), the Department of Elder Affairs State of Florida, Carf Accredited, VR (Vocational Rehabilitation) and BHS (Broward Housing Solutions). This treatment program recommends an Integrated Treatment approach for co-occurringRead MoreLegal Issues Associated By Clinical Psychology Essay1352 Words   |  6 Pages 1. Legal issues associated in clinical psychology In clinical psychology, several legal issues do exist, and clinical psychologists must adhere to such legal standards. Two common legal issues are maintaining confidentiality and obtaining written informed consent. In regard to the maintenance of confidentiality, the clinical psychologists must never disclose the records of any patient or client unless required by law. This is a significant concern in clinical psychology, which the psychologistRead MorePsychological Assessment And Ethics Of Forensic Psychology1675 Words   |  7 Pages Psychological Assessment and Ethics Debra Deering FO611 Ethics and Professional Issues in Forensic Psychology Professor Cathy Donnell February 8, 2015 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss the Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III. Information to be included in this paper will detail why this psychological assessment is used, how it is administered ethically, how it is scored, why it is unique, what precautions need to be taken to assure its ethical use, and any ethical concernsRead MorePosttraumatic Stress Traumatic Stress Disorder1500 Words   |  6 Pagesyoung and old. The development of various assessment tools have been used in diagnosing PTSD and one of the most commonly used tests is the Post-Traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale. It is an assessment that was developed and validated by Edna Foa to provide a brief but reliable self-report measure of PTSD for use in both clinical and research settings (Zalta, Gillihan, Fisher, Mintz, McLean, Yehuda, Foa, 2014). The Post-Traumatic Diagnostic Scale is an assessment instrument deigned to be taken by adultsRead MoreSymptoms And Treatments Of Early Onset Psychosis868 Words   |  4 PagesEarly onset psychosis is defined as psychotic symptoms within a psychiatric disorder such as schizophrenia, bipolar, or other psychoses, appearing in an individual before the age of 18 years old. Psychosis, including schizophrenia, comprises a major group of psychiatric disorder characterized by hallucinations and/or delusions (psychotic symptoms) that alter perception thoughts, affect and behavior, and which can considerably impair a child or young person’s development, relationships, and physicalRead MoreAssessment Tools : Assessment Tool Analysis1209 Words   |  5 Pages Running head: ASSESSMENT TOOL ANALYSIS Assessment tool Analysis Ruth Semere University of Phoenix NRU/455CC July 31, 2017 Assessment tool Analysis The purpose for this paper is to examine the assessment tools that is used in the healthcare field. 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Electrical Engineering and Engineering Technician- Communications free essay sample

With a sincere sense of gratification, this ensuring statement of purpose is put forth by me, HIMANI SHARMA just to pursue my career study in ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING TECHNICIAN- COMMUNICATIONS course at esteemed college like Seneca College of Applied Arts Technology in Canada. I feel it is a life time opportunity to explore and study in a rich foreign nation like Canada where I can make best possible use of educational resources provided there. In this ever-changing world of science and technology, where each new day sees a spate of new concepts and applications and each passing day makes them obsolete, I want to attain the highest level of education and transcend new horizons in the chosen field. This has always fascinated me and I am keen to continue my academic pursuit in this field. Personal Educational background: Before reasoning my intentions for further studies in Electronic Engineering Technician- Communications, I would like to throw some light on my educational background till now. We will write a custom essay sample on Electrical Engineering and Engineering Technician- Communications or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From my school days I found myself very much fascinated for science field majorly in Electronic Engineering. I finished my schooling with 74. 62% in 12th class in 2010. Also I scored 81. 50 % in 10th Board Exams in 2008. After finishing my schooling I gave Pre Engineering Entrance Exams such as AIEEE, RPET IIT, but unfortunately I didn’t get my choice of college and branch. After that I prepared for IELTS examination in year 2011-12 and make up my mind to study in Canada in order to get more exposure and opportunities in life. Reason to Choose this particular course College: During my research towards my career development, I found that there is a huge development in the field of Electronic Engineering Technician- Communications. Everything from mobile phones to aircraft and medical equipment relies on electronics, and it is difficult to think of any area of life that has not been affected by developments in electronics.. This field first became an identifiable occupation in the latter half of the nineteenth century after commercialization of the electric  telegraph, the telephone, and  electric power  distribution and use. It now covers a wide range of subfields including  electronics,  digital computers,  engineering, telecommunications,  control systems,  RF engineering, and  signal processing. Electronic engineering may include  electrical engineering. Where a distinction is made, usually outside of the United States, electrical engineering is considered to deal with the problems associated with systems such as  electric power transmission  and  electrical machines, whereas electronic engineering deals with the study of electronic systems including  computers,  communication systems,  integrated circuits, and radar. From a different point-of-view, electrical engineers are usually concerned with using electricity to transmit  electric power, while electronic engineers are concerned with using electricity to process information. The sub disciplines can overlap, for example, in the growth of  power electronics, and the study of behavior of large electrical grids under the control of digital computers and electronics. Studying Electronic Engineering is a ‘’fantasy dream† for me since my school days where I used to imagine myself working in the field of Computers Communication. Also, it will act like a strong backbone to my profile while gaining access into the professional area. This program will mould my skills in gaining expertise particularly in the field of Communication. For this I need to try my hands at acquiring practical experience like exploring, analyzing and researching. I started researching different colleges to study further in developed countries like Canada USA. After researching on the Internet, through consultants, as well as attending education career seminars, I found Seneca College of Applied Arts Technology is one of the best institutes in Canada offering program of Electronic Engineering Technician- Communications My Language Ability: I have given my IELTS exam have achieved 6. 0 bands, which also meets the college requirements. I have attached my scores for your reference. Program Name Duration: The Electronic Engineering Technician- Communications program is 2 years offered by Seneca College of Applied Arts Technology. The course starts on 7th of January 2013 ends on 31st August 2014. Lastly, it would really be justifiable to my â€Å"fantasy dream† as I would be able to explore more in Communications and Moreover technology, and particularly electronics, is developing at a more rapid pace than ever before. This makes the job of the Electronic Engineer both exciting and challenging. Sincerely yours, Himani Sharma

Strategic Management Toyota Japan

Introduction Toyota is one of the most popular companies in the automobile industry. This company started from a very humble beginning, but due to strategic planning, it has managed to achieve its organizational goals. Japan is the company’s headquarter, and this being its parent branch it has played a major role in inspiring the establishment of other branches (Chester, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Management: Toyota Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Now that the company is ranked among the top organizations in the world, there is more work to be done to ensure that the position is retained. This is because there are other companies that are struggling to achieve the same goals. Currently Toyota manufactures a wide range of vehicles including Rav4, Prado, and Pajero among many others (Kendra, 2009). This paper focuses on Toyota’s company, particularly strategic methods and tools that have led to its superior performance. Policies of Toyota Japan Every organization has its own tailor-made policies that all employees must adhere to, and this is meant to guarantee the achievement of organizational goals. Without clear policies, an organization is most likely to divert to other concerns that were not included in the master plan. It is therefore important to employ salient policies that would act as the guidelines when the going gets tough (Johnson Scholes, 2008). For instance, if a passenger decided to commute to a given destination and it happens that the vehicle breaks down, he/she will look for another mode of transport to ensure that he/she gets to the intended destination. According to Dess and Allan (2006), Toyota mainly focuses on long-term goals regardless of whether those goals will hinder the achievement of short-term goals. This was evidenced back in 1973 during the oil crisis that caused many customers who had purchased Toyota models to repla ce them with other models. This was because the big cars were consuming a lot of fuel and thus, were not considered pocket friendly. In the years that followed, the company had to pay high taxes for it to export vehicles to other markets. The management of Toyota thus decided to collaborate with General Motors (GM). This move was logical because it would help in cutting back on the costs that were incurred on the exports.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, Bremner and Dawson (2003) argue that Toyota was initially established as Toyoda and thus the brand name had to be changed for this company to be assimilated with its regional market. It was perceived that the initial brand name was not appealing to the local consumers probably because of its sound. It was then proposed that the brand name be renamed to Toyota, which sounded much better and uplifted the reputatio n of the logo and the brand. This approach was logical because it made it easy for Toyota to penetrate the Asian market due to its familiarity and association with the local dialects. At Toyota, the processes of production flow in a sequential manner and this is meant to unveil any underlying problems that can cause the quality of its products to be compromised. The policies of Toyota clearly states that in case a problem or a fault is discovered in the course of production, the processes should be halted until the problem has been solved. In the year 2009, Toyota recalled quite a number of vehicles that were believed to be having faulty accelerator pedals. Although the initiative cost the company dearly, it was considered to be noble because the image the company would have been tainted and the monetary fine would have been heftier (Valdes-Dapena, 2010). Lynch (2006) points out that strategic management in an organization’s set up requires collective participation of all the employees. This aspect is greatly emphasized at Toyota in Japan. This is because if decisions were made in a hurry, the participants would not grasp anything that is contained in the plan. The gradual process of making decisions is important because it creates room for the options provided to be analyzed. Besides, dialogue prepares the employees and the other stakeholders to be prepared for the changes that may cause changes regarding how things are done. Likewise, Toyota’s head office has established indicators that are used to dictate when the level of production should be increased and vice versa. Kendra (2009) agrees that this is because the automobile industry is a very dynamic sector and if the vehicles that are manufactured within a specified period are not sold, they will accumulate as dead- stock.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Management: Toyota Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implies that Toyota must regularly analyze the relationship between demand and supply by referring to its inventory system; this is through lean manufacturing. For instance, when the oil crisis struck in 1973, then it would have been illogical for the company to continue making the big trucks while it was apparent that the market was moving towards a new trend. Apparently, the demand of Toyota Prius is on the increase compared to other models. This argument has been cemented by the financial reports of 2010, which clearly indicate the sales of this particular vehicle model had increased (Micheline, 2010). Possible Causes of Future Changes When referring to strategic management, it is important to understand why the changes come about. The major inhibitor of changes is the environment that businesses exist. This is to say that organizations can be influenced to embrace the changes with the aim of conserving our environment. International organizations are exerting a lot of pres sure on manufacturers to make products using materials that are not harmful to the environment (Johnson Scholes, 2008). As far as this issue of environment is concerned, Toyota has had to adjust itself because there have been numerous awareness campaigns on the importance of eco-friendly products. Toyota therefore realized that if it did not adopt the new trend, it would soon be ejected out of the automobile business. Vehicles have been found to be the most notorious agents of pollution and thus, the manufacturers have been advised to come up with models that emit minimal amounts of carbon (Lynch, 2006). Toyota has already introduced hybrid plug-in vehicles, which are powered by a lithium battery and gasoline simultaneously. This suggests that such vehicles are fuel-efficient and at the same time eco-friendly. This is what the consumers in the automobile industry have been looking for. Toyota has therefore upped its game by integrating the needs of the consumers with their products .Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is also obvious that the stiff competition in the automobile industry have also played a major role in inducing Toyota to employ a strategic plan. Chester (2004) points out that other companies like Ford are also making fuel-efficient vehicles besides Nissan and Honda brands. In business world, an organization must be on the look out to spot the emerging trends or risk being left out. Strategic management is purely driven by speculations because most people might think that Toyota is overreacting, but then if this company was to sit back and wait for the day when the demand for electric vehicles will swell, then it is bound to fail in its mission. This is because opportunities tend to favor the entities that are more crafty and prepared. In fact, this period is used to evaluate Toyota’s preparedness in handling the changes. This is because the company needs to be certain that the plans will work in its favor. However, it is important to have a backup plan because other cha nges could occur and hinder the realization of an organization’s mission (Dess Allan, 2006). For instance, the recent earthquake has greatly affected Toyota’s branch in Japan. This latest development reveals that humankind has no control over nature and thus backup plans should be put in place to ensure organizational goals are realized. There is a common phrase at Toyota that puts its managers under obligation to familiarize themselves with the situations as they unfold. This requires them to spend ample time with the employees. This is thought as the surest way of ensuring that all stakeholders are committed to the success of the organization. Competitive Positioning Toyota is completely committed to improving the quality of its products, but this initiative has cost the corporation a lot of money because the vehicles that are eco-friendly require more resources to manufacture. However, Vlasic and Fackler (2008) state that the situation is expected to remedy itself, as more customers purchase the new breed of vehicles. Among the changes incorporated lately, include the making of automobile engines that are powered by electricity and gasoline. This has placed Toyota at the top of the rankings compared to similar vehicles that are being manufactured by her competitors such as Ford. This is because Toyota’s models tend to be unique because the other brands that employ the same approach are only powered by electricity. Besides, Toyota has introduced automatic parking systems in its vehicles that are meant to assist Motorists Park their vehicles hustle-free. More features are yet to be incorporated in Toyota models because customers make their choice of a model depending on its specifications (Kendra, 2009). Furthermore, the approach of value improvement has really helped Toyota to reach greater heights. Similarly, the customers of Toyota have responded positively because they are always interested in unique products. Toyota has therefore wo rked had to earn its recognition as a household name. In fact, the government of Japan has acknowledged the progress of Toyota and this has resulted in Toyota being awarded the contract of manufacturing and maintaining the motorcade that is normally used by the mayor. This noble gesture by the government is truly an honor because it acts as an endorsement that will continue to develop the company’s portfolio (Valdes-Dapena, 2010). Other Open opportunities Toyota is looking for other areas that are yet to be exploited. Valdes-Dapena (2010) asserts that the need to diverse has been brought by the speculations that the future markets of vehicles could decline as new technologies continue to be developed in the transport sector. Toyota has already proposed a joint venture with Mitsubishi to manufacture airplanes for regional airlines. This is a smart move because the demand for air transport is increasing and only the entities that will align themselves to the growth of that indu stry will reap the benefits. For Toyota to make it in this venture, it has to observe the possible competitors such as Boeing, identify what is missing in their products, and incorporate the missing concept in its aircraft models. Although Toyota is a mature organization in the automobile industry, that growth is yet to be realized in the new ventures and thus, patience is required for growth to be experienced. Other areas that are potential for exploitation by Toyota include the manufacture of healthcare products such as assistive aids for the disabled (Kendra, 2009). Marketing The strategy employed by an organization in marketing its products is what helps in uplifting the image of its products (Lynch, 2006). Toyota has been able to penetrate the local market through re-branding. According to Micheline (2010), Toyota has managed to thrive in automobile business by developing models that are meant for both low and high-end markets. The success of Toyota would not have been realized if there was no balance between the two markets. The vehicles intended for low-end market have lesser specifications compared to the models intended for high-end markets. The Century Royal is a particular model that is specifically designed for the mayor of Japan. If Toyota were to concentrate on luxury vehicles, its sales would decline gradually because there are more prospects in the low-end market. In addition, Toyota has been using the field events such as motor sports to market itself. The company incorporates its models such as the Lexus in the local races including Formula 3, Super GT, and formula Nippon. Toyota makes money by making the engines of automobiles that participate in these races and uses them as an avenue for advertising itself. Engaging in the races was not enough and thus, another strategy had to be established to ensure the local market for engines remained stable. This entailed developing the models that are appropriate for racing. Besides, more talents had to be developed to ensure that the sport did not run out of talented drivers. This goal was achieved by establishing a program for nurturing drivers into seasoned motor sport drivers. The program is commonly known as TDP (Toyota Young Drivers Program) (Johnson Scholes, 2008). The technological institute was established to act as a reservoir of skills that are needed in this company. Though the initial founders of this initiative are non-existent, the project has served its intended purpose. The talents are derived from learning institutions, such as high schools and other tertiary institutions. The students who demonstrate competitiveness while still in high school are offered scholarship opportunities to enable them pursue further education and thereafter use their skills while working at Toyota Corporation. The initiative is more of a corporate social responsibility program. The program can be used as a succession plan for Toyota because the current crop of employees will one day retire and thus, they will have to be replaced by new skilled employees. Although the programs are expensive, the money is paid back when the trained individuals are absorbed into the company. Likewise, Toyota has its own rugby team known as Verblitz team. This team is sponsored by Toyota and therefore is a medium of marketing. This is done by making the players put on jerseys that are printed with the company logo and emblem. Johnson Scholes (2008) argue that the education programs are not only focused on inspiring upcoming talents, but also the existing employees. This is because the changes in the environment cause their skills to depreciate and thus they need to be regularly updated. As time moves by, the approaches that were once used as solutions cease to be useful and thus, new approaches have to be brought on board and this can only be acquired by investing in continuous learning to promote organizational development. Aspects of Strategic Management Goal Setting Toyota has been able to achieve its organizational goals because it had set the goals from the start. The managers and employees of this corporation are aware of what needs to be done to get to the company’s destiny. The goals are categorized into two: long-term and short-term. Short-term goals take less than five years to be experienced while long-term goals take more than five years. When the company was established the founders had one long-term goal, and it involved setting up a learning institution and in fact the goal took more than twenty years to be realized. Besides, Toyota had short-term goals that included increasing its market share within Japan and beyond its national boarders. This goal was near from being accomplished when the oil crisis struck and temporary goals had to be set (Vlasic Fackler, 2008). Analysis Analysis is another important aspect of strategic management because it enables an organization to get a clear picture of the happenings as they unfold and make t he necessary changes to be able to cope with the challenges (Lynch, 2006). Toyota has been very observant of the situation in the industry. Being analytic has helped Toyota to understand the needs of the customers. There are other companies in Japan that deal with automobiles. These other companies are competitors and Toyota has to analyze their operations and as well as their products. By being analytical, Toyota has been able to identify other opportunities that are yet to be exploited. However, before Toyota decided to venture into other resources it must have analyzed its strengths and weaknesses. This is because if the weaknesses outweighed the strengths then there is no point of venturing into other fields such as aviation, which are more complicated, and very demanding. Strategy Formation According to Dess and Allan (2006), strategic management requires an organization to have a clear vision of future expectations. Toyota has been visionary on the market and that is why it ha s developed options of venturing into other areas. When the options were first drafted, they must have been allocated priorities depending on the availability of resources that are needed to implement the decisions. The electric vehicles were accorded the first priority because the market is changing drastically – unless Toyota evolves with the market, then its products would be rendered useless in the automobile industry. The other options implemented include the development of robots used in the healthcare and entertainment industries. The above stated priorities were implemented because Toyota has the ability and the capacity that is required to implement them. This implies that Toyota has enough work forces skilled in this sector because if there were no skilled personnel, then the idea would have to wait until when the situation was favorable. As stated earlier, the plan of making an aircraft is a long-term goal, but then negotiations are underway and they involve other like-minded entities. Mitsubishi is an appropriate partner in this venture because it also deals with automobiles and therefore the two parties are compatible with each other. Currently, Toyota needs to merge its resources with those of Mitsubishi in order to realize its goals. However, this partnership may not last long because each entity would want to be independent in future (Micheline, 2010). It is therefore certain that there will be a merger between Toyota and Mitsubishi. Toyota has been successful in its mission because it has involved its members who include employees and stakeholders in decision-making processes; this approach must be reflected in its merger with Mitsubishi. Strategy Implementation Once a strategy has been established, an organization needs to embark on the mission of implementing the decisions that are contained in the strategy. Before implementing strategy, an organization must review the available resources just to be sure they are in good shape to deli ver the desired results (Johnson Scholes, 2008). For Toyota to be able to challenge its competitors, it must have upgraded its equipments to meet international standards. The staff at Toyota has been inspired to improve their skills. The availability of skilled personnel has cautioned the company from outsourcing its tasks. The main reason behind Toyota’s success lies under its goal setting strategies. From the look of things, Toyota has all along remained committed to fulfilling its long-term goals. Similarly, other companies in this industry have diverted their initial plans at the onset of challenges. It is this attribute of soldiering on that has enabled Toyota to excel in its ventures. In strategic management, it is important to note that short-term challenges and solutions do not last long, and it is therefore important to focus on long-term solutions. When the environmental and international organizations raised concerns about the amounts of carbon emitted by vehicles , Toyota thought of a solution that could solve the problem entirely. Short-term solutions are very expensive to implement because the processes have to be repeated regularly and they may not work as expected (Dess Allan, 2006). In this regard, Toyota established a production system commonly known as Toyota Production System (TPS).The system is used to manage inventories and in improving the quality of production. By having such a system in place, the company can be certain that there are minimal errors and that the customers only get what they require. When the suppliers of Toyota deliver the raw materials that are to be used in the manufacture of automobiles, the TPS is invoked to evaluate the materials and components needed and discard the others. In fact, this idea was borrowed from a very different field and hence it had to be configured to meet the needs of Toyota. Leadership at Toyota The success of Toyota is owed to its efficient leadership structures. The mangers at Toyota have good working relationships with their employees in their respective departments. This enables the two parties to communicate effectively and thus, move collectively towards a common destiny. This kind of interaction favors teamwork because it strengthens the bondage among employees and their superiors. From another concept, it favors innovation because the employees are free to incorporate their skills into their tasks (Johson Scholes, 2008). In fact, at Toyota, every employee is regarded as his/her own inspector – employees should not wait until the supervisor is physically present to implement a decision when things are not in the right order. This has instilled a strong sense of belonging, which makes employees to work as if they owned the company. Respect is highly emphasized at Toyota and this means that everyone commands respect regardless of his/her position in the company. Conclusion Toyota has emerged as one of the most successful companies in the automobile i ndustry. Having defined goals has helped Toyota to overcome the challenges as opposed to other companies that have resorted to remaining dormant. For the current success to be retained, Toyota must remain focused because the competitors are also designing new models that are intended to compete with those of Toyota, and hence more efforts must be directed towards remaining ahead of the game. Besides, the approaches that have worked in Japan’s branch should be extended to regional offices so that the entire organization can become uniform, such that the images of the other branches reflect the image of the parent branch. References Vlasic, B. and Fackler, M., 2008. Car slump jolts Toyota halting 70yrs of gain. New York Times. [online]. Bremner, B.B. and Dawson, C., 2003. Can anything stop Toyota? An inside look at how its reinventing the auto industry. Business week. November 17. Chester, D., 2004. Lexus: The Relentless pursuit. Singapore: John Wiley Sons. Dess, G. L. and Ala n, B. E., 2006. Strategic Management: Text and Cases. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Johnson, G. and Scholes, K., 2008. Exploring Corporate Strategy. 8th ed. London: Prentice Hall. Kendra, M., 2009. Toyota passes GM as world’s largest automaker. The Washington Post. January 22. Lynch, R. (2006), Corporate Strategy. 4th ed. London: Prentice Hall. Micheline, M., 2010. Toyota pays its $16.4 million fine over pedals. The New York Times. [online]. Valdes-Dapena, P., 2010. Witnesses: Toyota problems could be electronics. CNN. [online]. This essay on Strategic Management: Toyota Japan was written and submitted by user Leonel Daniels to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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buy custom Career Theories essay In the nowadays world, which is full of competition and high technologies, the success and effectiveness are not only the economical terms, but they are also studied by the psychological science. In order to be successful and to occupy high positions in social and economical life, the approach towards career, its development and improvement should be well-grounded and in several cases the support from the professional psychologist is needed. That is required not by the weakness of person of ones inability to make the life choice, but such approach is also supported by the need of evaluating the best suitable life position and development in the nowadays world, which offers a variety of options for self development and self realisation. This research paper is dedicated to the analysis of the four career theories, which enable individual to organise ones professional development and to implement the core personal features into the practice in the most effective way. First, the social cognitive career theory developed by Robert Len, Steven Brown and Gail Hackett and is based on the following key success factors as self efficiency, outcome, expectations and personal goals would be taken in consideration. Secondly, the integrative life planning theory, developed by L. Sunny Hansen, and based on the core principles of social justice, social change, connectedness, diversity, spirituality and integrative life planning inventory would be taken in account. The third aspect of the research paper would be dedicated to the vocational personalities and work environment theory, developed by John Holland. This theory is oriented to the trait factor career choice and based on the following issues: congruence, consistency, differentiation and vocational identity. The last career theory, which would be outlined in the scopes of this research, is the learning theory of the career counselling - developed by John Krumboltz. This theory is tending to the social learning and to the career choice development - the factors, which are required in the nowadays world for achieving the success. The key features of this theory are learning experience, self observation, generalisations, worldview generalisations, task approach sills, actions and planned happenstance. Social Cognitive Career Theory As it has been stated above, the Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) has been developed by the following scholars- Hackett, Lent and Brown. As the basis for the theory development, the work of Albert Banduram, which investigates the self efficiency, has been taken. This scientific work has been expended in the light of making choice, development of interest and performance issues. SCCT as the approach towards career development, considers the following personal variables - the goals of individual, outcome expectations and beliefs in self efficiency. Such variables as human ability, demographic, social values and the environment are also taken in account while developing the model of the SCCT theory. (Milton, 1989) Additional attention is paid to the efficacy and outcome expectations, which are theorised in the SCCT in order to achieve the interrelation of these variables with the development of the interest influence. The SCCT includes several building blocks: self efficacy, outcome expectations and personal goals (Swanson, 1998). Self efficiency implies the beliefs of the individual, needed to be successful. That is why the primary sources of the self efficiency include the following issues- physiological and affective states, vicarious learning, social persuasion and finally- personal performance and accomplishment (Spencer, 2005). Outcome expectations are represented as beliefs, concerning the outcome of carrying our particular behaviors and personal goals determine the personal engagement to the selected type of activity or to the particular outcome and its impact. As the key components of the SCCT model it is possible to outline the following issues. First of all, SCCT id the model, directed to the interest development; secondly, human beings are attracted by such activities, which they feel they are able to perform and to succeed of such performance; the key interrelations, expected by the theory are between the human attitudes and values outcome expectations and the self efficacy. Finally, the concepts of gender ad race as the disputable issues are considered in the light of sharing the experience between the representatives of the different social groups. While taking in account the fact that the SCCT is the choice model, it is important to pay additional attention that its key purpose is the career choice assistance, which implies the following stages - goal setting, practical implementation of the actions, directed to the goal achievement, attaining of such performance level, whichwould assist in further career directions and behavior determining (Milton, 1989). The second fact is that the SCCT is the performance model - that is why it is deeply interrelated with the behavior quality and persistence. As the key principles of the model, it is possible to outline the following issues: the key reason of the possible career choices elimination implies the cases when the self efficiency beliefs or the outcome expectations are fault. There is a general trend that the greater the barriers for the career occupation, the less likely people are tending to achieve such careers. Finally, in the case if the fault self efficacy and outcome expectations are modified, the more probability of new successful experiences acquiring occurs (Spencer, 2005). It is possible to represent the SCCT in the light of the three core stages for the goal achievement: identifying the foreclosed occupational options; carrying out the analysis of the barrier perceptions and modifying the self efficacy beliefs. Integrative life planning theory The key aspects of the Integrative Life Planning theory (ILP), developed by L.Sunny Hansen are the following: focusing on the adult career development, developing the new worldview, diversity issues addressing; global integration; orientation on the personal agency and finally, the additional attention is paid to the connections issue. It is possible to outline the following core assumptions of the ILP. First of all, the changes in the knowledge require the new approach towards knowing information and its treatment. Secondly, author develops the critical approach towards the bordering of the types of the self knowledge and societal knowledge; the last two assumptions of the ILP imply the consideration of the career professionals in the light of the change agents and the importance of connections (Prediger, 1981). The next stage of the ILP investigation implies the following career development tasks, assumed by the theory. First of all, there is a need of finding such work, which requires the practical implementation of the changes in the global context of this notion; secondly, human likes should be weaved into a considerable and meaningful whole; the additional attention in the career development should be paid to integrating the family values with the work requirements; such values as pluralism and diversity are to be popularised; the personal transitions and implementation of the changes into the organisational structure should be well-managed. Final task of the theory implies the deep investigation and exploration of the human life purpose and spirituality (Hansen,1997). The last issue, concerning the IPL, discussed in the scopes of this research are the intervention implications of the integrative planning theory. Focusing on the developmental tasks of the theory should be based on the following issues: first of all, deep understanding of the set task is required, secondly, the interrelation been the core complements of the task should be seen. The third aspect t is the prioritizing of the tasks in accordance with ten personal needs and values and the last core value of the of the ILP theory outcomes implies the teach approach towards life planning which is, in turn, based on such components as connectedness, community and wholes (Spencer, 2005). Vocational personalities and work environment theory The theory has been created by John Holland in 1959. Author has based the theoretical achievement on the own experience of the vocational counselor (Holland, 1959). This theory approaches to understanding of the human nature and environment in their vocational context. First of all, there should be a representation of the distinct interests and values and that is why author has outlined six types of individuals. Secondly, there is a need of dividing the environments into the six categories, which are the same as the individuals types. As a result, the individuals are to seek such environment, which suits their needs and life expectation and may be applied as the best possible solution for the self development and self realisation. In the case if the chosen environment does not meet the requirements of the individual, there is a possibility of change occurring. In such case there are two solutions for the individual- to seek another environment for the self realisation or to take some life interests and values from the chosen one (Holland, 1959). Author has defined six core themes for the description of the personality in the light of ones personal features and considers the environment as the background for the career and vacation. These themes are the following: investigative, realistic, artistic, social, conventional and enterprising (Spokane, 1996). All these six types of personality and environment are applied by the author for evaluating the best possible solution for the life in the light of professional activity. The Hollands theoretical approach is widely applied by such instruments as Strong Interest Inventory and Self Directed Search. According to the theory, the best possible solution for the life development may be achieved only in the case if the environment and the personal features of individual match each other. In other words, it is possible to consider such achievement as the congruency (Harmon, 2000). In the case if there is no match between the personality and environment, such situation development would lead to the incongruity and as a result, the need for change would occur - whether the environment would be adapted to the individual requirements or not, it would be radically changed, because the initial personal need for being in the comfortable environment would be achieved on the subliminal level (Holland, 1992). The theory, developed by Holland is widely applied in different areas of human activities. As an example, it is possible to consider its interrelation with the higher educational system. This theory is applied by the academic and career advisers and counsellors in order to explain the key aspects of carer search. Also, such tool as Strong Interest Inventory (SII), is applied for the exploration process, because it offers the useful information, related to the career opportunities, which may meet the personal needs of individual (Evans, 1998). Learning theory of the career counselling While developing the theory, author has made an emphasis that there are two sources for getting the information -through the process of observation of from the own life experience. Author has outlined the four factors, which make their impact on the career development: initial genetic endowments and special features of the individual, which set the scopes of the individual career opportunities. The second factor implies the environmental conditions and the current events in the social life. These factors cannot be controlled by the individual and more than that, some events assist developing of the special skills and abilities in the professional activity (Whiteley, 1984). The third factor is the learning experience, which implies the instrumental and associative learning experience and as a result, individual formats the negative and positive approached towards the pair of previously neutral situations (Hansen, 1997). The last aspect implies the task approach skills. As a result of the above listed factors it is possible to consider the following options of the learning theory of the career counselling practical application: the possibility of expanding the capabilities and interests of the individual; opportunity for preparation and changing the work tasks; meeting the human need of being empowered for taking some actions; providing the career practitioners with the extended role (Bimrose, 2011). Conclusions To sum up, it is important to take in consideration the key factors of the professional success of the individual. The vocational personalities and work environment theory is oriented on the trait factor of the individual and on ones career choice. At the same time learning theory of the career counseling takes in account the social learning and career choice development- as the key purposes if the individuals professional development. Social cognitive career theory is oriented on the development and social cognitive career choice. And the integrative life planning theory makes the contextual career choice and adjustment as the key purposes of the counselling and psychological assistance in career choice. All the above listed theories apply different tools for the goal achievement- some of them are oriented in integrative processes between the individual and society, others are oriented to the outlining of the key special features of the personality and their practical application - for example, the vocational personalities and work environment theory implies the com0lkete adaptation of the personal features of the individual to the environment, which meets all the need and requirements of the individual for ones professional development in comfortable environment. To sum up, it is important to outline the integrative feature for all above listed theoretical approaches towards career - its choice and development - the individual should be completely satisfied with the type of activity one is performing because otherwise one would be tending to change it. That is why career counseling has become being an important part of the career choice process, because the psychological approach towards solving this problem may assist the individual in understanding of ones own inner needs and to define the direction for the personal development. Buy custom Career Theories essay

Blood Donations Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Blood Donations Paper - Essay Example Blood is required regularly and in large quantities to deal with patients ranging from accident victims to leukemia patients. For example, in the United States only 8% of the 115 million Americans who are eligible for blood donations actually come through and donate blood. This situation is worrisome given that each year massive expense is diverted to awareness campaigns in order to increase the number of potential donors (American Red Cross, 2009). In recent years, the amount of volunteering required for blood donation has been decreasing due to a number of causes resulting in pressures on the overall blood donation system. These causes and their effects are listed below in detail to aid policy formulation. 2. Causes Blood donation is a healthy activity that ought to be encouraged in all segments of population. Reasons behind blood donation have often been the subject of research. A study conducted to gauge the reasons behind providing blood and stopping blood donations found that t here was little difference in blood donation patterns across genders. The study found that the same factors motivated and de-motivated blood donors irrespective of the gender of the blood donor. The study also found that the biggest reason for blood donations was the influence of a friend. This category of donors represented nearly half of all filed responses (47.2%). In contrast, only 23.5% of all donors indicated that they were providing a blood donation because of a request through media (Sojka & Sojka, 2008). These requests placed through the media represent all kinds of print, digital and social media in use in the current context. This indicates that the amount of donors being influenced by media outlets is low and could be improved in order to boost blood donations. Another cause behind blood donations shortage is the lack of economic incentives coupled to donating blood. It has been found through a number of studies that blood donors are more ready to respond when they are o ffered some kind of economic incentive (Miller & Weikel, 1974) (Titmuss, 1971) (Sojka & Sojka, 2008). This finding has been consistently reported throughout literature on the issue as indicated from the life of the literature cited above. Another consistent finding in this respect is that blood donors tend to shift from one blood donation program to the other given the richness of the incentive being offered. In order to attract more and more blood donors it is necessary to pursue an effective advertisement campaign focused on creating more leverage for the intended blood donation program. Studies have also found that the most common reason for not becoming a regular blood donor include laziness (19.1%) followed by a fear of needles (10.5%) (Sojka & Sojka, 2008) which are both conditions that could be dealt with using a properly targeted marketing campaign. If people could be allowed to take over their procrastination and their fear of being pricked by a needle, the potential increa se in blood donors would be about 30% combined. Increasing the number of donors is also important given that historically existing blood donors have tended to decrease (Miller & Weikel, 1974). This has come about either due to adverse reaction or due to medical disqualification of existing donors. It has been estimated that 15% of all blood donors are

Principles of quality control relating to business management Research Paper

Principles of quality control relating to business management - Research Paper Example There are many employees who at times do not take adequate measures in order to maintain proper quality. Therefore, in this regard, it can be demonstrated that such an attitude may lead to loss of the customers. On the flip side, the competitors may take the advantage of the market needs. It has been viewed that most of flourishing companies have identified the role of the customers-defined quality on the business. As a consequence of this, most of the companies have focused their attention towards the quality standards. The two successful companies that have identified the customer satisfaction as their top most priorities are Honda Motor Company and Ford Motors. Quality Quality is one of the primary aspects that each and every organization aspires to maintain upon their products and offerings. Quality in their offerings can offer an organization with the added competitive advantage. The definition of the factor quality in business management context generally relies upon the positi on of the people defining it. There isn’t any single description of quality. ... It has gained importance as in due course of time organizations have realized that poor quality might result to high costs. The greatest loss to the company can result when the poor standards of quality transpires to discontented customers. This can ultimately result in loss of consumer as well as business. The term quality can be associated to a few other costs. One group of cost is referred to as the cost of quality control whereas the other group of cost can be referred as the prevention and appraisal cost (John Wiley & Sons, â€Å"Total Quality Management†). Quality Control The term quality control can be defined as sequence of the analytical measurements that can be taken for the purpose of judging the quality of the analytical data (SlideShare, â€Å"Quality Assurance vs. Quality Control†). The concepts of quality as well as productivity run side by side to each other. Thus, it is important to comprehend how the consumers measure the quality. It is generally done by recognizing how efficiently the product serves its own purpose. According to the views of the manufacturers, quality can be measured by the extent to which the product executes as per the predefined standards. The task of creation of the quality standards, the production of the goods that meet those standards and the measurement of the finished goods is the task of the quality control. In order to control the quality, the companies must be highly dedicated so as to manage and work in a manner that can assist in building excellence in every aspects of the operation of the organization (Gitman, L. J. & McDaniel, C., â€Å"The Future of Business: The Essentials†). Quality Control in Modern Business The modern business environment can be characterized as highly complex

Analyse The Assumptions Made By Liberalism And Realism Politics Essay

Analyse The Assumptions Made By Liberalism And Realism Politics Essay Liberalism assumes instead portraying lust of power as the international conflict liberalism fights for the basic rights of the people. It insists on pursuing the political reforms establish democracies. It emphasizes on the value of the free trade on the basis that it will help in preventing the conflicts between nations as it reduces the national selfishness and enhances the communication. Liberalism advocated the formation of the global institutions such as the United Nations which sees any threat to any individual nation as a threat to everyone. The institutions help in resolving the conflicts by mediating the conflicts in the event of any misunderstanding. Basically liberals assume that states will act in a rational manner and they are a unitary actor. The liberalists fell into three different groups as classified by the realists: The first group advocated league of the nations was formed with the objective to consider the attack on the nation as an attack on all. The second group formed the Permanent Court of International Justice that would lead to formation of judicial body capable of issuing justices to the disputes. The third group sort to avoid war by advocating Disarmament in  [1]  order to reduce the international tension1. The League of Nations failed to take appropriate action against the Japan or Italy for invasion, PCIJ failed as the major disputed were rarely submitted and the Geneva Disarmament Conference resulted in failure1. Realism (discussed later in the paper) failed to explain complex interdependence of the transnational relations. As a result various types of the international regimes were formed to govern the behaviour of different international issues that resulted in higher interdependence and lead to even higher co-operation (Neo-Liberalism). Often Realists argue that Liberalism prime focus was not providing the national security rather then playing with the low politics (such as in the area of finance, environment). The critics believe the global institutions often fail to provide the appropriate response for the aggression1. Realism Assumptions: Realism assumes the state as the ultimate power that is not answerable to any body; it can resolve the critical issues itself. The realists often believe that world politics is a zero-sum game; what ever is gained by one competitor is lost by the other. The realists portrays the international politics is the struggle among the states to dominate others by the gain of power, what ever actions are required to achieve the national interest they must be taken at any costs. The best way to maintain the peace is to be powerful. The states should increase its military power and align with the powerful states in order to counter any threat, to promote is national interest or to maintain balance of the power among the states. To the realists the economic power is less important then the military power. They believe that under the international anarchy the state should depend on itself to provide the security and wellbeing (Realpolitik) 1 and should never under estimate the power of the rival (that is it will cooperate easily). Realists dont consider the decision making as a social work and they ignore ones interest. The great rivalry between US and USSR to struggle for the hegemony is supported by the realist thought. Realism doesnt allow the ethical considerations to influence the decision making process. The realists evaluate the choices available for decision after considering the results of the action taken. Realists sometimes fail to explain the reasons for its own action taken for the national interest. The leaders were unable to justify that Vietnam War served the Americas National Interest. How do these two schools of thought (Liberalism and Realism) differ? The following points highlight the key difference between the realism and liberalism: Human Nature: The realists are believers of the pessimistic view that politics at the global level is driven by the self interest of individual nation, each nation should rely on itself for the national defence and well being 1 . It should make decision to satisfy the national interest. Where as the liberalism has the optimistic view that foreign policy decisions should be based upon the mutual interests of the people and can be achieved with the help of the international organizations1. Concepts: The realists portray the international politics is the struggle among the states to dominate others by the gain of power, what ever actions are required to achieve the national interest (that can be with the military influence). While according to the liberal theory explains that International Relations can be improved by the model of complex interdependence that can result in larger cooperation. The complex interdependence explains that the state is not the most important actor, the foreign policy decisions should not be made on the basis of the military power. The complex interdependence theory focuses that growing ties (that can be either a result of the trade between two nations) between two nations can make them exposed to each others activities and sensitive about their needs 1. Zero Sum Game: The realists consider politics as the Zero-Sum game (what ever is gained by one competitor is lost by the other; one nation can easily betray other) 1. Liberals dont consider politics as the zero sum game, instead of following the military methods they have the reliance upon the judicial methods to tackle the disputes. International System: Realism assumes that International System is anarchic that forces the leaders of the different nation to pursue self help principle (In the international anarchic system the nations must depend on themselves for their national defence and well being) 1. It assumes that chances of co-operation on the global level are very rare on critical issues. Even if there is co-operation then it can result in the relative gains (One participant benefits more then the other in joint effort). While in Liberalism the International system is struggling to be more peaceful. Liberals stress on the role of inter-governmental organizations in the endorsement of cooperation. Main Cause of Conflict: Basically Classical Realists believe the lust of the power to dominate others leads to the conflicts between two nations and ends in enmity while the neo-realists claim that cause of the conflicts is the anarchic international system1; each state should rely on its own abilities to survive. Where as Liberals believe in that realpolitik results in the conflicts. Also the conflicts are caused due to lack of the international laws to regulate competition (example arms race) between nations1. Best path to peace: Realists state that peace can be achieved by the balance of power if all states seek to increase their power preventing without being dependent on any other nation while Liberalism assumes that best path to peace can be achieved through co-operation through inter-governmental organizations such as United Nations. IGO such as UN help in mediate the conflicts between two nations in the event of any misconception. Also liberalism emphasizes on the value of the free trade on the basis that it will help in preventing the conflicts between nations as it reduces selfishness and results in effective communication. Organizations: Realism assumes the state as the supreme power that is not answerable to any body (for its internal affairs); it can resolve the critical issues on its own, without any external interference while liberalism emphasizes on the IGOs (Intergovernmental Organizations) in mediating the conflicts in the event of any misconception. Morality: Under realism the nations national interest is the prime objective. Classic Realists are the firm believers that the Leaders of the nation can often choose the wrong decision while the foreign policy making process if they allow morality to preside over the policy making process, they believe that the country should always follow the dictation of the power. Realists complaint against liberalism of its tendency to turn foreign policy in the moral crusade1. While liberalists advocate the importance of the people in the decision making process, the power of the ideas can influence many critical decisions. In your opinion, which one most accurately described the world during the Cold War era? Realism during Cold War: In my opinion, Realism most accurately explains the world during the cold war era. Realism accounts that the cold war was a consequence of the narrowing of the military capabilities of the great power rivals United States of America and Union of Soviet Socialists Republics that resulted in the hegemonic struggle between them. Both of the countries struggled for the establishment of the spheres of influence around the world. After the end of the Second World War, the global politics were dominated by United States of America (Unipolarity) as it possessed an atomic bomb while its rival (USSR) didnt. Truman Doctrine and Containment: The great rivalry between two nations started with the George F Keenans long telegraph to President Harry S Truman stating that America needs to assess the post war policy as the soviets had a feeling of insecurity to maintain power. The measures taken by USSR to strengthen their spheres of dominance ended up in the policy of the Truman Doctrine and Containment. Truman Doctrine stated that US will provide the military support to all its allies in the event of any communist expansion while the strategy of Containment stated the appropriate measures to be taken to against USSR to prevent its expansion or communist influence by using the threat of a possible attack by US1. Zero Sum Game: The race of the arms or the cold war started with USSRs accumulation of the atomic bomb that took USs Unipolarity away and ended up in Bipolarity. Soon started the nuclear arms race between Soviet Union and America and they started looking at each with a watchful suspicion. US pursued the Realist Principle of Zero Sum Game; the loss from one side is the gain to other in cooperation while USSR followed the balance of the power realist principle. Bipolar Nature and Nuclear Weapons: Many Realists attributes the absence of war to the bi-polar nature of the postwar global system which is less war-prone then the multi-polar system during the world-war 2. In the multi-power global system the states often underestimate the comparative power of the opponent. Some realists also concluded that nuclear weapons had played a significant role in the preservation of the peace during the cold 1. National Interest: Under the realism the state was the most important actor and nations interest was the top priority. When the Soviet invaded Afghanistan, US President Jimmy Carter came up with Carter Doctrine under which America will use its military forces in order to protect its oil supplies from the gulf (which was nations top interest) 1. Also as per Reagan Doctrine, US provided support to the insurgents to overthrow the soviet supported governments in countries like Afghanistan (US supported AL-QAEDA). Power Politics: In the late 1980s the Soviet Policies can be seen as realistic theories, Moscow tried to increase its influence on the third world and it tried to suppress the rebellions against the government in Germany, Czechoslovakia and Poland. Military Power vs. Economic Power: As per the realist assumption, to USSR economic power was less important then military power, this resulted in the destruction of the soviet economy because of its long pursuit to seek balance of power. During the cold the Soviet Union was involved in the constant production of the arms to increase its military power to boost national security in the even of an attack from America. Brezhnev was to slow to identify the countrys economic problem and was reluctant to take necessary measure to tackle it1. Out of Liberalism and Realism which one most accurately describes the world we live in today? Liberalism in present life: Liberalism most accurately defines the world that we live in today. Liberalism has the belief that change in the global politics can be engineered by human choices. The idea for the liberalism started in the 19th century in Europe then it spread slowly and steadily across the world that we live in today. The USSR dissolution in 1991 was due to the influence of the liberal ideas by Mikhail Gorbachev. Liberalism advocates the free trade between nations which further results in the complex interdependence. United States is a liberal country, founded on the basis of free market and morality. Liberalism advocated the formation of the global institutions/ inter-governmental organizations such as the United Nations, International Criminal Court which sees any threat to any individual nation as a threat to everyone. The institutions help in resolving the conflicts by mediating the conflicts in the event of any misunderstanding. IGO such as United Nations have driv en community of the peace loving countries. Countries can collectively response through the multi lateral actions to tackle any tough situation. Trade: The liberal theory emphasizes on the trade thus helps in preventing disputes from escalating to the wars, increase inter-dependence and it increases the communication between two countries thus reducing the misconceptions (if any). The commercial liberalism (which advocates the free markets principles) has resulted in Liberal International Economic Order between the regimes. Many new trade agreements like NAFTA, FTAA, ASEAN, EU (under the liberalising rules of the World Trade Organization) have resulted in many positive have resulted in making the world more globalized. Trade had helped in improving the economic condition of the global south countries thus leading the path to democracy. As a result of trade, global souths share in export products has grown from 10% in 1980 to 30 % in 20081. Multi-National Corporations Foreign Direct Investments: The political economy is shaped by the globalization of the production, the Multi-National Corporations (MNC) assist in the globalization of the production. The MNCs have resulted in the foreign direct investments (FDI) in the developing global south countries. In 2007, the FDI were around 30% to the global south by MNCs 1. International Law: Today the international law (UN) has started reviving its policies for the military intervention that it has the right to stop human genocide, suffering or the ethnic cleansing. It has resulted in the collapse of the old Treaty of Westphalia that no one can hinder in states internal affairs. Like the example of the rising terrorism in countries like Pakistan, Afghanistan has pushed international law to rewrite international to permit the intervention in these countries providing a safe place for terrorist deeds. Many realists have tied up with the liberals in categorizing Iraq war in 2003 was an unneccary war1. International Criminal Court: To protect the human rights the International Criminal Court (ICC) was launched in 2002 as a watch dog on the human genocides or crimes. In many cases the ICC has pursued when States own court are unable to. The ICC indicted Sudanese President Omar- al- Bashir for his role in human genocide in Sudan1. Also the ICC tries its best to prevent the war by mediating between two states. ICC issues the sanctions against a country who tries to break the law (such as acts against humanity). In the event the sanctions fail to work then ICC is left with using the aggressive means (war). Arms Reductions: As per the realist theory the war is necessary to achieve the peace, the realists sought to increase the military power while liberal thought predict the more armed the state, it is more vulnerable to the war. The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty of 2002 has resulted in the nuclear arsenal of Russia and America by ninety percent. In 2005 the 189 countries have signed Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty and 46 countries signed International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation to take new initiatives for nuclear arm control1.

Online Newspaper Vs. Print Version -- essays research papers

Newspaper designers have a huge canvas to play with. Their designs can be striking and yet intricate and pack much more impact than a web page; especially because the entire double-page spread is in-your-face in a fraction of a second. Wham, here's the news. The page in the figure is a great example of the possibilities in print: a large, high-resolution map sets the stage for a story about Chile and does double duty as an information graphic for several data nuggets. More data is visualized in smaller graphics around the page. And, of course, there is room for a large amount of text that is set in high-resolution type and nicely integrated with the headlines and graphics in a pleasing over-all layout that allows the eye to move from overview to details in a fraction of a second. The above image does not do justice to the awards book which is printed in super-high resolution on heavy-duty glossy paper. In the book, it is possible to actually read the body text on the page. For online, I had to squeeze the JPEG quality down quite a bit in order to achieve the required 10-second download time for modem users. Another benefit of print! Dimensionality Print design is 2-dimensional, with much attention paid to layout. It is obviously possible for the reader to turn the page, but substantial interplay between different spreads is rare. Typically, each view is a design unit created for a fixed size canvas - often a big canvas when designing newspapers or posters. In contrast, Web design is simultaneously 1-dimensional and N-dimensional. A web page is fundamentally a scrolling experience for the user as opposed to a canvas experience. A small amount of 2-dimensional layout is possible, but not to the extent of creating a pre-planned experience with a fixed spatial relationship between elements. Users often begin scrolling before all elements have been rendered, and different users will scroll the page in different ways throughout their reading experience. Precise placement of elements on a web page goes against the nature of HTML and can only be achieved to an approximation for pages that are able to adjust to different window sizes. Thus, 2-dimensional relationships between page elements are less important than 1-dimensional relationships (what's early on the page; what's later on the page). Navigation The N-dimensional aspect of web design follows fr... ...esign approaches to utilize the strengths of each medium and minimize its weaknesses. Print design is based on letting the eyes walk over the information, selectively looking at information objects and using spatial juxtaposition to make page elements enhance and explain each other. Web design functions by letting the hands move the information (by scrolling or clicking); information relationships are expressed temporally as part of an interaction and user movement. With better hardware, differences in terms of appearance and layout may diminish. At the same time, more powerful software and a better understanding of interactive information objects will increase the differences in terms of interaction and user control. Current web designs are insufficiently interactive and have extremely poor use of multimedia. It is rare to see a web animation that has any goal besides annoying the user. Print design is highly refined, as evidenced by glancing through the recent book of award-winning designs. Web design is impoverished because too many sites strive for the wrong standards of excellence that made sense in the print world but do not make sufficient advances in interactivity.